Linguistic Analysis vs. Industry Annotation

~6 min · Updated Sep 2025

Bridging Two Worlds of Working with Language

From Conversation Analysis to Annotation

I knew conversation analysis long before I ever heard the word annotation. It was part of my life as a linguist in academia. I spent years dissecting transcripts and tracing how people built meaning together turn by turn. I knew its rhythm by heart. Every pause, overlap, and repair could shift the meaning of a whole exchange. The work was slow and meticulous but deeply absorbing.

When I began annotating speech data for AI, it felt strangely familiar. The work was presented as something entirely different, yet as I moved through the audio I realised I was doing what I had always done. I was listening for turns, marking boundaries, noticing patterns and attending to form and sequence. It turned out that what the industry called annotation had deep roots in what I had been trained to do all along: conversation analysis.

How the Aims and Methods Differ

In my academic work, conversation analysis often began without predefined categories. I looked closely at how people interacted and let the patterns emerge from the data. Meaning was built from the ground up, and every detail could matter. I sometimes spent weeks working on just a few minutes of talk. The aim was to understand how interaction worked, not to label or classify it.

Annotation reverses that logic. It begins with a fixed schema and works deductively. The task is not to explore what could be happening but to decide, for each item, which category from the guidelines applies. There is no room for uncertainty. Every decision must be traceable, replicable, and consistent across many annotators. The goal is coverage rather than depth, and efficiency matters as much as accuracy.

That shift in aim and method was the hardest part of moving from research to industry. It meant learning to focus on what the guidelines defined as relevant and to leave everything else out, even when it felt important.

Where the Practices Overlap

Even with such different aims, I found strong continuities. Both worlds demand systematic coding, careful documentation, and constant reflection on how decisions are made. In conversation analysis I created codebooks to record emerging categories. In annotation I follow schemas that serve the same purpose. In both cases consistency is essential.

The habits I brought from research turned out to be an asset. I was already used to keeping detailed notes, writing memos, and checking my own decisions for coherence. In conversation analysis I did this to track how my interpretation developed. In annotation I do it to explain edge cases, support quality control, and feed back into the improvement of guidelines. The mindset is different, but the discipline is the same.

A Case Example: Two Lenses on the Same Data

Imagine a short audio clip where someone says:
"I kept telling them it hurt, but no one listened. It felt like shouting into the wind."

As a conversation analyst, I would focus on how the speaker constructs a narrative of not being heard. I would look at how the reported speech positions them, how the metaphor builds stance, and how the rhythm of the delivery enacts frustration and disempowerment. I would transcribe pauses, intonation, and overlaps, and place the utterance within the larger sequence around it.

As an annotator, I approach it completely differently. I set aside the broader meaning and focus only on the categories in the schema. I might label “hurt” as a pain mention, mark the overall stance as negative, and tag “shouting into the wind” as a metaphor with an entailment of futility. I ignore everything outside the defined scope. The task is not to interpret the speaker’s experience but to produce a structured record of what is said in a way that another annotator would reproduce.

What This Reveals about Transferable Skills

Working in both worlds has shown me that the difference is not in the skills themselves but in how they are applied. Linguistic training teaches attention to form, sensitivity to nuance, and the habit of questioning your own assumptions. These skills are essential for annotation. What changes is the focus. In conversation analysis you search for meaning. In annotation you standardise it.

Linguists are well equipped to make that shift because they understand both the richness of language and the need to model it systematically. My background in conversation analysis gave me the patience, discipline, and attention to detail that annotation work requires. Annotation has in turn sharpened my ability to work at scale without losing rigour.

What began as something that felt strangely familiar has now become a bridge. It links my past as a researcher with my present as an annotator. One taught me to see nuance. The other taught me to capture it in a way machines can learn from. That combination is what I now bring to every annotation project I work on.