Who Are You When You Speak?
On language, identity, code-switching and the selves we perform in everyday speech.
Dr. Stella Bullo
Who are you when you speak?
Not in the broad, philosophical sense, but in the precise, everyday act of opening your mouth and letting words out. The voice you choose, the pauses you allow, the expressions you favour… are they really you, or are they a version of you shaped for that moment, that audience, that space?
I have spent years teaching and researching language and identity, and the more I learn, the less convinced I am that we have a single, fixed self. In the classroom, I used to present students with examples of code switching, shifting accents, or adopting different registers, and they would nod politely, perhaps imagining this was something that happened to other people. Then I would ask them to think of the last time they spoke to a friend, a parent, a boss, and a stranger, all in the same day, and realise how many selves they had already performed before lunchtime.
For me, the evidence is personal. I lived twenty-two years in the UK. During that time, my identity was that of a foreigner and an academic, in that order. The first was assigned to me the moment I spoke and my accent gave me away. It did not matter how fluent I was. The foreigner label was instant, stable, and non-negotiable. The second, academic, was the identity I offered when, inevitably, the next question came: What do you do? That was me for over two decades, foreigner first, academic second.
But identities are not always fixed. Some are fluid, shifting as easily as the light changes on a face. My husband, after learning Spanish well enough to pick out accents, began noticing how mine moved. I am from Berrotarán, a small agricultural town in southern Córdoba province. In Buenos Aires, he would say my accent was fairly neutral. In Córdoba city, it picked up local notes. By the time we drove south to Berrotarán, my vowels had broadened so much that he could barely follow me. And with that shift, my identity shifted too. I was no longer the foreign academic but Stellita again, the woman who lived allá (“there”), as locals say, meaning anywhere that is not here.
Some changes happen more subtly. At one point I lived in a working-class town north of Manchester with a distinctive local accent. I played tennis with the locals, and my friends from other areas began to notice traces of that accent slipping into my English. Still recognisably foreign, but less bookish, more tuned to the rhythm of the place. I was not pretending. I was accommodating, the way we all do, often without noticing.
These shifts are not masks. They are acts of attunement, ways of reading the room and finding the register, accent, or vocabulary that fits. Sometimes we adjust consciously, softening an accent in a job interview, and sometimes unconsciously, picking up a friend’s favourite phrases. Power also plays its part. We often shift more when speaking up to authority than when speaking across or down.
Stable or fluid, assigned or chosen, each voice is real. Identity lives in the movement between them, between the person we think we are and the person others invite us to be in that moment. Which brings me back to the question: And what about you? Who are you when you speak?